24 de mai. de 2008

13 - NEM ANJOS, NEM DEMÔNIOS

Para concluir. Inspirada, em grande parte, pela teoria dos jogos, existe hoje uma conversa de que o ser humano é, ao mesmo tempo, demônio e anjo, falcão e pomba. Tal caracterização, que agrada a mentalidade, um tanto infantilizada (no sentido de tornada socialmente irresponsável), de alguns estrategistas que vivem se divertindo com jogos matemáticos, na minha opinião, nada tem de científica.
De que ser humano se está falando? Os Ianomamis seriam, ao mesmo tempo, demônios e anjos? Por quê? Milhares de mães neolíticas, há 8 mil anos, nas margens do Danúbio, teriam se comportado como falcões, em virtude de alguma característica intrinsecamente constitutiva da classe Homo, de alguma predisposição genética para a competição? Respostas afirmativas para tais questões não são ao menos verossímeis para qualquer pessoa de bom senso.
No entanto, a história humana, pelos menos nos últimos seis mil anos, mostra, à farta, como é possível produzir demônios e falcões. A julgar pelas condições atuais de nossa vida social, isso pode ser feito sem grande dificuldade: basta introduzir padrões de organização hierárquicos e modos de regulação autocráticos em uma coletividade humana, para que em tal coletividade se instaure a predação social, com tudo o que isso implica em termos de busca, a qualquer preço, da satisfação de interesses individuais, guerra, apropriação, sujeição, abuso (uso forçado de seres humanos por outros seres humanos) e controle.
Poder-se-ia objetar, argumentando que tais características da predação social já deveriam estar presentes, em alguma medida, em uma sociedade, para que se pudesse instaurar padrões hierárquicos de organização e modos autocráticos de regulação nesta sociedade. Por certo, a hierarquia e a autocracia reproduzem socialmente, e em escala ampliada, demônios ou falcões – mas, se a questão é saber como se produziram, originariamente, hierarquia e autocracia na humanidade, então o assunto torna-se mais complexo.
Pode-se adotar três grandes tipos de respostas para essa questão: a) o tipo de resposta de quem imagina que as características da predação (ou, pelo menos, uma parte dessas características – e fala-se aqui da predação social, não da predação natural) são constitutivas da espécie humana e fazem parte de um patrimônio que, de alguma forma, se transmite geneticamente geração após geração; b) o tipo de resposta de quem imagina que as características da predação social são resultados de configurações comportamentais adquiridas fortuitamente, mas que, uma vez adquiridas, se conservaram por meio da cultura, quer dizer, da transmissão não genética de comportamentos, geração após geração; e c) o tipo de resposta que combina as duas respostas anteriores.
Penso que se deva dizer que (ainda) não há como resolver definitivamente a questão. Os argumentos em prol desta ou daquela resposta não são conclusivos, conquanto, em certo sentido, sejam reveladores: às preferências por um tipo de resposta para explicar um comportamento pregresso, associam-se, em geral, preferências atuais por caminhos a seguir no futuro. De sorte que não parece fortuita a coincidência, por exemplo, entre a preferência pela explicação genética e uma não adesão (ou uma adesão apenas parcial) à democracia e, sobretudo, à democratização ou radicalização da democracia.
Já que não há como olhar o passado, a não ser com os olhos do presente e, além disso, sob a perspectiva de um futuro desejável, na verdade, modificamos o passado para adequá-lo às nossas expectativas e não há ciência que possa ser invocada para separar uma visão objetiva do passado de toda a carga de subjetividade que lhe atribuímos quando tentamos desvendá-lo. Assim, por exemplo, quem vê competição sistemática na natureza não humana (ou mesmo na sociedade humana pré-patriarcal), quem vê “política chimpanzé”, quem vê guerra entre artrópodes, está, na verdade, projetando seus modelos mentais de uma civilização de predadores em realidades que nada têm a ver com a cultura patriarcal, hierárquica e autocrática que tem se conservado nos últimos seis mil anos na maior parte do mundo.
A observação de que nem todos os seres humanos se comportam como anjos ou como demônios, ao invés de levar à afirmação de que somos, ao mesmo tempo, anjos e demônios, deveria levar à afirmação, muito mais lógica, de que não somos nem anjos nem demônios. A introdução desse tipo de classificação é que constitui o problema, ao supor que deva existir bem (altruísmo puro) e mal (egoísmo/altruísmo egoísta ou instrumental) na constituição do humano, ou um bem separável do mal em termos ontológicos e não contingentes. Sim, há uma ordem social que deriva da separação entre bem e mal e entre pombas (cooperativas/fiéis) e falcões (competitivos/desertores), mas esta ordem é cultural – e, portanto, social mesmo – e não natural.
Sustento, baseado em minhas preferências radicalmente democráticas, que é possível pensar da seguinte maneira. Como não há nada na natureza animal, inclusive na humana, que force a competição sistemática, nem mesmo a escassez de recursos sobrevivenciais (e aqui tomo a liberdade de generalizar a suposição de Lynn Margulis, segundo a qual diante da escassez a natureza tende, no longo prazo, a selecionar os simbiontes em detrimento dos predadores), então penso que a competição não deve ser constitutiva do humano, nem em termos do genótipo da espécie, nem em termos do fenótipo da linhagem. Por outro lado, como também não há nada na natureza animal que impeça a cooperação sistemática, e, sim, pelo contrário, como tão bem nos mostrou Humberto Maturana, existem, no caso do humano, condicionantes que ensejam a prática continuada da cooperação – pelo fato do nosso ser individual ser social –, então imagino que a cooperação deve ser uma característica fenotípica da linhagem humana que pode se realizar, porquanto não encontra nenhum óbice genotípico na espécie.
Portanto, resolvo assim a questão: o ser humano, deixado à sua própria sorte, no mínimo, nada tem que o impeça de ser cooperativo. Pode, entretanto, não ser cooperativo, desde que criemos condicionantes culturais que impeçam a colaboração e induzam socialmente à competição. Como procurei mostrar no meu livro “Capital Social” (Franco, 2001), tais condicionantes são, basicamente, de dois tipos: aqueles introduzidos pelo padrão de organização e aqueles instaurados pelo modo de regulação dos conflitos (gerados pelo padrão de organização ou pelo próprio modo de regulação), os quais determinam, respectivamente, a estrutura e a dinâmica de todas as sociedades humanas (pelo menos nos últimos seis mil anos). Pessoas conectadas horizontalmente, segundo um padrão de rede, no mínimo, não terão motivos para ser competitivas. Pessoas subordinadas verticalmente umas às outras, no mínimo, terão motivos para não ser cooperativas (sobretudo em relação às quais devem obedecer, isto é, agir motivadas pela vontade dos superiores e não pelo seu próprio desejo). Pessoas que pertencem a sociedades hierárquicas, que regulam os conflitos entre superiores e inferiores de modo autocrático, estarão submetidas a restrições para praticar a cooperação, ou melhor, para exercer socialmente a cooperação. Pessoas que pertencem a sociedades que, embora hierárquicas, tentam regular seus conflitos democraticamente, poderão praticar socialmente a cooperação, na exata medida em que tais sociedades consigam regular, de fato, e não apenas em virtude de princípios declarados em códigos legais (como as Constituições, por exemplo), seus conflitos democraticamente.

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